Pathophysiology Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Table of contents: Properties of the myocardium Electrocardiogram: general aspects Pathophysiology of atrial and ventricular overload Pathophysiology of driving disorders Pathophysiology of rhythm disorders Pathophysiology of cardiac perfusion disorders Heart exploration methods Exploring the vascular system Methods of functional exploration of the respiratory system - spirometry References ANNEX 1 - Elecetrocariograms ANNEX 2 - Spirometries ANNEX 3 - ECG interpretation Overview Normally, at rest, the heart rhythm is regular, with a heart rate of 60-100 beats/minute and is determined by depolarization of the sinus node :SN) normal sinus rhythm - any change in the normal sinus rhythm is called arrhythmia/ dysrhythmia and occurs through: the origin of the driving impulse outside the SN; rhythm disturbance; frequency change; impulse conduction impairment. - arrhythmias can be: paroxysmal; sustained. Arrhythmia can be asymptomatic or with various clinical manifestations such as: palpitations with an accelerated or slowed rhythm, regular or irregular, accompanied by unpleasant sensations or even a feeling of imminent death dizziness or short-term loss of consciousness (syncope) due to low cardiac output chest pain, angina especially in the case of fast-paced arrhythmias that increase oxygen demand over intake (often associated with coronary artery disease) signs of decompensated heart failure or even sudden death in the event of an acute myocardial infarction or life-threatening arrhythmias Arrhythmogenic factors - very important to identify, so that you can treat them D.

drugs la ischemia S. sympathotonus H. hypoxia E.

electrolitic disturbances S. stretch Investigation of arrhythmias ECG- the best investigation for the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias; rhythm strips- longer routes on one or more derivations (choose the most eloquent derivation); Holter ECG over 24-48 hours or up to 2 weeks and recording symptoms in a diary to correlate with the ECG recording; ambulatory monitor which registers a derivation, usually precordial; event monitor which records about 5 minutes at the request of the patient when he has symptoms; can be implanted subcutaneously for a longer period (one year). Table of contents: Properties of the myocardium Electrocardiogram: general aspects Pathophysiology of atrial and ventricular overload Pathophysiology of driving disorders Pathophysiology of rhythm disorders Pathophysiology of cardiac perfusion disorders Heart exploration methods Exploring the vascular system Methods of functional exploration of the respiratory system - spirometry References ANNEX 1 - Elecetrocariograms ANNEX 2 - Spirometries ANNEX 3 - ECG interpretation Overview Normally, at rest, the heart rhythm is regular, with a heart rate of 60-100 beats/minute and is determined by depolarization of the sinus node :SN) normal sinus rhythm - any change in the normal sinus rhythm is called arrhythmia/ dysrhythmia and occurs through: the origin of the driving impulse outside the SN; rhythm disturbance; frequency change; impulse conduction impairment.

- arrhythmias can be: paroxysmal; sustained. Arrhythmia can be asymptomatic or with various clinical manifestations such as: palpitations with an accelerated or slowed rhythm, regular or irregular, accompanied by unpleasant sensations or even a feeling of imminent death dizziness or short-term loss of consciousness (syncope) due to low cardiac output chest pain, angina especially in the case of fast-paced arrhythmias that increase oxygen demand over intake (often associated with coronary artery disease) signs of decompensated heart failure or even sudden death in the event of an acute myocardial infarction or life-threatening arrhythmias Arrhythmogenic factors - very important to identify, so that you can treat them D. drugs la ischemia S.

sympathotonus H. hypoxia E. electrolitic disturbances S.

stretch Investigation of arrhythmias ECG- the best investigation for the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias; rhythm strips- longer routes on one or more derivations (choose the most eloquent derivation); Holter ECG over 24-48 hours or up to 2 weeks and recording symptoms in a diary to correlate with the ECG recording; ambulatory monitor which registers a derivation, usually precordial; event monitor which records about 5 minutes at the request of the patient when he has symptoms; can be implanted subcutaneously for a longer period (one year).